Hi, I have some questions about the SMMU on the new version of TK1 VMM as follows: 1. In the source code, smmu.c, the IO ASID 1 is assigned to hardware engine, AFI, which is supposed to connect with PCIE devices. However, when I add 1 to vm.smmu in vm.camkes, the VM can not access Ethernet and cause a SMMU translation error. But it works if I add 0 to vm.smmu as suggested by Kent. whats the reason to do so? 2. Each IO device is assigned with an IO space mapping. However, there is no IO ASID associated with these mappings. Does that means these mappings are associated with an IO ASID in the order given in vm.smmu? 3. Is it possible for the VMM to change the IO mapping for a specific device? say, invalidate old mapping and load a new mapping? what's the rough idea to do so? thanks Peng